STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

To Suzanne, Barbara, Marvin, and the memory of Sweetie π and BramOther bestselling titles by andrew S. TanenbaumComputer Networks, 4th editionThis widely-read classic, now in its fourth edition, provides the ideal introductionto today's and tomorrow's networks. It explains in detail how modern networksare structured. Starting with the physical layer and working up to the applicationlayer, the book covers a vast number of important topics, including wireless communication, fiber optics, data link protocols, Ethernet, routing algorithms, networkperformance, security, DNS, electronic mail, USENET news, the World wideWeb, and multimedia. The book has especially thorough coverage of TCP/IP andthe InternetOperating Systems: Design and Implementation, 2nd editionThis popular text on operating systems, co-authored with Albert S. Woodhull, isthe only book covering both the principles of operating systems and their application to a real system. all the traditional operating systems topics are covered indetail. In addition, the principles are carefully illustrated with MINIX, a freePOSIX-based UNIX-like operating system for personal computers. Each bookcontains a free CD-ROM containing the complete MINIX system, including allthe source code. The source code is listed in an appendix to the book andexplained in detail in the textModern Operating Systems, 2nd editionThis comprehensive text covers the principles of modern operating systems indetail and illustrates them with numerous real-world examples. After an introductory chapter, the next five chapters deal with the basic concepts: processes andds, deadlocks, memory management, input/output, and file systems. Thenext six chapters deal with more advanced material, including multimedia systems, multiple processor systems, security. Finally, two detailed case studies aregiven: UNIX/Linux and Windows 2000Distributed Systems: Principles and ParadigmsThis new book, co-authored with Maarten van Steen, covers both the principlesand paradigms of modern distributed systems. In the first part, it covers the principles of communication, processes, naming, synchronization, consistency andreplication, fault tolerance, and security in detail. Then in the second part, it goesinto different paradigms used to build distributed systems, including object-basedsystems, distributed file systems, document-based systems, and coordinationbased systemsSTRUCTUREDCOMPUTER ORGANIZATIONFIFTH EDITIONANDREW S TANENBAUMVrije universiteitAmsterdam The netherlandsPEARSONPrenticeUPPER SADDLE RIVER. NEW JERSEY 07458Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataTanenbaum. Andrew sStructured computer organizationAndrew s. tanenbaum. -5th editionp cm.Includes bibliographical reterences and indexISBN O-13-148521-0I Tiuamputer programming 2. Computer organizationQA766.T382005005.1-dc222005043004Vice president and editorial Director. EC: Marcia hoSenior Acquisitions Editor: Tracy DunkelbergerEditorial assistant: Michael GiacobbeExecutive managing editor: Vince obrienManaging editor: Camille trentacosteProduction editor. irwin zuckerDirector of Creative Services: Paul belfantiArt Director. heather scottCover Illustrator: Maraska Artistic Concept and designDon Martinetti, DM Graphics, IncCover Concept: Andrew S. TanenbaumComposition and interior design: Andrew s. tanenbaumManaging editor, AV Management and Production: Patricia BurnsArt Editor: Gregory DullesManufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowellMarketing Manager: Pamela HerspergerMarketing assistant: Barrie reinholdPEARSON 02006, 1999, 1990, 1984, 1976 by Pearson Education, IncPearson prentice hallPrentice Pearson Education, Inclall Upper Saddle River,NJ07458All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, withoutpermission in writing from the publisherPearson Prentice hall@ is a trademark of pearson education IncThe author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These effortsinclude the development, research and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regardto these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not beliable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, thefurnishing, performance, or use of these programsPrinted in the united states of america10987654321工SBN囗-13-14B5己1-口Pearson education ltd. LondonPearson Education Australia Pty Ltd, SydneyPearson Education Singapore, Pte LtdEducation north asia ltdg KongPearson Education Canada Inc. TorontoPcarson educacion dc mcxico S.A. dc CvPearson Education-Japan, TokyoPearson Education Malaysia. Pte LtdPearson Education. Inc, Upper Saddle river, New JerseyTo Suzanne, Barbara, Marvin, and the memory of sweetie T and bramThis page intentionally left blankCONTENTSPREFACEXVII1 INTRODUCTION1 STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZation 2I.I. I Languages, levels, and virtual machines 21.1.2 Contemporary Multilevel Machines 51.1.3 Evolution of multilevel machines 81. 2 MILESTONES IN COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 131. 2.1 The Zeroth Generation-Mechanical Computers(1642-1945) 141.2.2 The First Generation-Vacuum Tubes(1945-1955) 161.2.3 The Second Generation--Transistors (1955-1965) 191. 2.4 The Third Generation--Integrated Circuits(1965-1980) 221.2.6 The Fifth Generation--Invisible Computers 46 ation (1980-)231. 2. 5 The Fourth Generation-Very Large Scale Integr1. 3 THE COMPUTER ZOO 271.3.1 Technological and Economic Forces 271.3.2 The Computer Spectrum 291.3.3 Disposable Computers 291. 3. 4 Microcontrollers 311.3.5 Game Computers 331.3.6 Personal Computers 34CONTENTS1.3.7 Servers 341. 3. 8 Collections of workstations 341. 3.9 Mainframes 364 EXAMPLE COMPUTER FAMILIES 371. 4. Introduction to the pentium 4 371. 4.2 Introduction to the ultraSparc IiI 421. 4.3 Introduction to the 8051 441. 5 METRIC UNITS 461.6 OUTLINE OF THIS BOOK 472 COMPUTER SYSTEMS ORGANIZATION512.1 PROCESSORS 512. 1.1 CPU Organization 522.1.2 Instruction execution 542.1. 3 RISC versus Cisc 582.1.4 Design Principles for Modern Computers 592.1.5 Instruction-Level Parallelism 612.1.6 Processor-Level parallelism 6.522 PRIMARY MEMORY 692.2.1Bits692.2.2 Memory Addresses 702.2.3 Byte Ordering 712.2.4 Error-Correcting Codes 732.2.5 Cache Memory 772.2.6 Memory packagId Ty802. 3 SECONDARY MEMORY 812.3.1 Memory Hierarchies 812.3.2 Magnetic disks 822.3.3 Floppy disks 862.3 4 iDE Disks 862.3.5 SCSI Disks 882.3.6RAID892.3.7 CD-ROMs 93CONTENTS2. 3. 8 CD-Recordables 972.3.9 CD-Rewritables 992.3.10DVD992.3.11Blu-Ray1022. 4 INPUTOUTPUT 1022.4.1 Buses1022.4.2 Terminals 1052.4.3Mice1102. 4.4 Printers 1122.4.5 Telecommunications Equipment 1172.4.6 Digital Cameras 1252. 4. 7 Character Codes 1272.5 SUMMARY 1313 THE DIGITAL LOGIC LEVEL1353.1 GATES AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA 1353.1.1 Gates1363.1.2 Boolean algebra 1383.1.3 Implementation of Boolean Functions 1403.1. 4 Circuit Equivalence 1413.2 BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS 1463.2.1 Integrated Circuits 1463.2.2 Combinational circuits 1473.2.3 Arithmetic circuits 1523.2.4 Clocks 1573.3 MEMORY 1593.3.1 Latches 1593.3.2 Flip-Flops 1613.3.3 Registers 1633.3. 4 Memory organization 1643.3.5 Memory Chips 16833. 6 RAMs and roms 171