Razavi_Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits

Razavi_Design of Analog CMOS Integrated CircuitsAbout the authorBehzad Razavi received the B Sc degree in electrical engineering from Sharif University ofTechnology in 1985 and the M Sc. and Ph D degrees in electrical engineering trom Star-ford University in 1988 and 1992 respectively. He was with AT&T Bell laboratories andsubsequently Hewlett-Packard Laboratories until 1996. Since September 1996, he has beenan Associate Professor and subsequently a professor of electrical engineering at Uriversityof Califomia, Los Angeles. His current research includes wireless transceivers, frequencysynthesizers, phase-locking and clock recovery for high-speed data communications, anddata convertersProfessor Razavi served as an Adjunct Professor at Princeton University, Princeton, NJfrom 1992 to 1994, and at Stanford University in 1995. He is a member of the TechnicalProgram Committees of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits and the Intermational Solid-StateCircuits Conference (ISSCC), in which he is the chair of the Analog Subcommittee. Hehas also served as guest editor and associate editor of the ieee journal of Soiid - StateCircuits, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems and Intermational Journal of highSpeed electronieProfessor razavi received the beatrice winner auard for editorial excellence at the1994 ISSCC. the best paper aw ard at the 1994 European solid-State Circuits Conference,the best panel award at the 1995 and 1997 ISSCC, the TRW Innovative Teaching Awardin 1997. and the best paper award at the ieee Custom Integrated circuits Conference in1998. He is the author of Principles of Data Conversion System Design(IEEE PreSs, 1995),and rF Microelectronics( Prentice hall, 1998), and the editor of Monolithic Phase-LockedLoops and Clock Recover Circuits(iEEe Press, 1996)PrefaceIn che past two decades, CMOS technology has rapidly embraced the field of analog inte-grated circuits, providing low-cost, high-performance solutions and rising to dominate themarket. Whiie silicon bipolar and lll-v devices still find niche applications, only CMOSprocesses have emerged as a viable choice for the integration of today ' s complex mixedsignal systems. With channel lengths projected to scale downto 0.03 um CMOS technologywill continue to serve circuit design for probably another two decadesAnalog circuit design itself has evolved with the technology as well. High-voltage, high-power analog circuits containing a few tens of transistors and processing small, continuoustime signals have gradually been replaced by low-voltage, lowpower systems comprisinthousands of devices and processing large, mostly discrete-time signals. For example, manyanalog techniques used only ten years ago have been abandoned because they do not lendthemselves to fow-voltage operationThis book deals with the analysis and design of analog CMos integrated circuits, emhasizing fundamentals as well as new paradigms that students and practicing engineersmeed to master in today's industry. Since analog design requires both intuition and rigor,each concept is first introduced from an intuitive perspective and subsequently treated bycarefui analysis. The objective is to develop both a solid foundation and methods of analyzing circuits by inspection so that the reader leams what approximations can be made inwhich circuits and how much error to expect in each approximation. This approach alsoenables the reader to apply the concepts to bipolar circuits with little additional effor.i have taught most of the material in this book both at UCLA and in industry, polishingthe order, the format, and the content with every offering, As the reader w ill see throughoutthe book, I follow four golden tules"in writing(and teaching): (1)Explain why the readerneeds to know the concept that is to be studied;(2)i put myself in the reader's positionand predict the questions that he/she may have while reading the material for the first time;(3)With Rule 2 in mind. I pretend to know only as much as the(first-time)reader andtry to""with him/her. thereby experiencing the same through process; (4)I beginwith the"core"concept in a simple(even imprecise) Language and gradually add necessmodifications to arrive at the final (precise)idea. The last rule is particularly important inteaching circuits because it allows the reader to observe the evolution of a topology andhence learn both analysis and synthesisThe text comprises 18 chapters whose contents and order are careful\ chosen to providea natural Row for both self-study and classroom adoption in quarter or semester systemsUnlike some other books on analog design, we cover only a bare minimum of mos devicephysics at the beginning, leaving more advanced properties and fabrication details for laterhapters To an expert, the elementary device physics treatment may appear oversimplified,but my experience suggests that(a)first-time readers simply do not absorb che high-orderdevice effects and fabrication technology before they study circuits because they do notsee the relevance; (b)if properly presented, even the simple treatment proves adequate fora substantial coverage of basic circuits;(c)readers learn advanced device phenomena andprocessing steps much more readily after they have been exposed to a signifcant amountof circuit analysis and designChapter 1 provides the reader with motivation for learning the material in this bookChapter 2 describes basic physics and operation of mos devicesChapters 3 through 5 deal with single-stage and differential amplifiers and current mirrors respectively, developing efficient analytical tools for quantifying the behavior of basiccircuits by inspectionChapters 6 and 7 introduce two imperfections of circuits, namely, frequency responseand noise, Noise is treated at an early stage so that it"sinks in as the reader accounts foits effects in subsequent circuit developments.Chapters 8 through 10 describe feedback, operational amplifiers, and stability in feedback systems, respectively. With the useful properties of feedback analyzed, the readerIs motivated to design high-performance, stable op amps and understand the trade-offsbetween speed, precision, and power dissipation:Chapters 11 through 13 deal with more advanced topics: bandgap references, elemen-tar: switched-capacitor circuits, and the effect of nonlinearity and mismatch. These threesubjects are included here because they prove essential in most analog and mixed-signalsystems todayChapters 14 and 15 concentrate on the design of oscillators and phase-locked looprespectively. In view of the wide usage of these circuits, a detailed study of their behaviorand many examples of their operation are providedChapter 16 is concerned with high-order MOS device effects and models. emphasizingthe circuit design implications If preferred, this chapter can directty follow Chapter 2 aswell, Chapter 17 describes CMOS fabrication technology with a brief overview ot layoutdesign rulesChapter 1& presents the layout and packaging of analog and mixed-signal circuits. Manypractical issues that directly impact the performance of the circuit are described and varioustechniques are introducedhe reader is assumed to have a basic knowledge of electronic circuits and devices, e.gpn iunctions. the concept of small-signal operation. equivalent circuits and simple biasingFor a senior-ievel elective course, Chapters I through can be covered in a quarter andChapters I through 10 in a semester. For a first-year graduate course. Chapters throughI l plus one of Chapters 12 through 15 can be taught in one quarter, and the first 16 chaptersin one semesterThe problem sets at the end of each chaprer are designed to extend the teader's understanding of the material and complement it with additional practical considerations. Asolutions manual is available for instructorsBehzad razasJuly 2000AcknowledgmentsWriting a book begins with a great deal of excitement. However, after two years of relent-less writing, rawing, and revising, when the book exceeds 600 pages and it is almost impossible to make the equations and subscripts and superscripts in the last chapter consistentwith those in the first, the author begins to feel the streaks of insanity, realizing that thebook will never finish without the support of many other peopieThis book has benefited from the contributions of many individuals. A numberof UClAtudents read the first draft and the preview edition sentence by sentence, In particular, Alireza Zolfaghari, Ellie Cijvat, and Hamid rafati meticulously read the book andfound several hundred errors(some quite subtle). Also, Emad Hegazi, Dawei Guo, AlirezaRazzaghi, Jafar Savoj, and Jing Tian made helpful suggestions regarding many chapters. Ithank allMany experts in academia and industry read various parts of the book and provided usefulfeedback. Among them are Brian Brandt(National Semiconductor), Matt Corey(NationalSemiconductor), Terri Fiez (Oregon State University ) Tan Galton (UC San Diego), AliHajimiri(Caltech ). Stacy Ho(Analog Devices). Yin Hu (Texas Instruments ) Shet-luanLiu(National Taiw ar University), Joe Lutsky(National Semiconductor), Amit Mehrotra(University of Ilinois, Urbana-Champaign), david robertson (Analog devices), DavidSu (t-span), Tao Sun(National Semiconductor, Robert Taft(National Semiconductorand Masoud Zargari (T-Span). Jason Woo(UCLA) patiently endared and answered mquestions about device physics, I thank allRamesh harjani t University of Minnesota), John Nyenhius(Purdue University ), NormanTien(ComelL University), and Mahmoud Wagdy Califomia State University, Long Beachreviewed the book proposal and made valuable suggestions. I thank ally wife, Angelina. has made many contributions to this book, from typing chapters tofinding numerous errors and raising questions that made me reexamine my own understand.ing. I am very grateful to herThe timely production of the book was made possible by the hard work of the slaffat McGraw-Hill, particularly, Catherine Fields, Michelle Flomenhoft, Heather BurbridgeDenise santor-mitzit, and jim labegts , i thank allAcknowledgmentsI leamed analog design from two masters: Mehrdad Sharif-Bakhtiar(Sharif Universityof Technology) and Bruce Wooley (stanford university) and it is only appropriate that iexpress my gratitude to them here. What I inherited from them will be inherited by manygenerations of studentsBehzad razaviJuly 2000Brief contents1 Introduction to Analog design2 Basic mos Device Physics3 Single-Stage Amplifiers474 Differential Amplifiers...1005 Passive and active Current mirrors1356 Frequency Response of Amplifiers,166oIse,,,,,,,,,20丑8 Feedback2469 Operational Amplifiersp■■29110 Stability and Frequency Compensation.,,,,,,,34511 Bandgap References.37712 Introduction to Switched- Capacitor Circuits40513 Nonlinearity and Mismatch44814 Oscillators48215 Phase-Locked Loops53216 Short-Channel Effects and Device Models57917 CMOS Processing Technology,,60418 Layout and Packaging.631Index677ContentsAbout the authorPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroduction to Analog design111 Why Analog?…∴…2 Why Integrated?..........●中血血1.3 Why CMOs?L, 4 why This book?1.5 General Concepts15.1 Levels of abstraction1.5.2 Robust Analog Design2 Basic mos Device Physics··2.1 General considerations102.1.1 MOSFET as a switch2.1.2 MOSFET Structure2.1.3 MOS Svmbols22 MOS I Characteristics2.2.1 Threshold voltage2.2.2 Derivation of I/ Characteristics2. 3 Second-Order effects7324 Mos Device modelsTb■442.4. 1 MOS Device Layout甲血血2.4.2 MOS Device Capacitances2.4.3 MOS Small-Signal Model●司口■■中d幽■■332.4.4 MOs SPiCe mo2.45 NMOs versus PMos Devices372.4.6 Long- Channel versus Short- Channel Devices38Contents3 Single-Stage Amplifiersn,,,473.1 Basic Concepts473.2 Common-Source Stage3.2. 1 Common-Source Stage with Resistive Load883.2.2 CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load533.2.3 CS Stage with Current-Source Load583.2.4 CS Stage with Triode Load■■■593.2.5 CS Stage with Source Degeneration603.3 Source Follower673.4 Common-Gate Stage763.5 Cascode stage幽自血幽■■■血血■■即833.5.1 Folded cascode903.6 Choice of Device Models924 Differential Amplifiers1004.1 Single-Ended and Differential Operationn,,1004.2 Basic Differential Pair,..I0342. I Qualitative Analysis∴∴i044,2,2 Quantitative Anaiysisn,。,I074.3 Coramon-Mode Response1184.4 Differential Pair with mos loads.I2445 Gibert cell,I265 Passive and Active Current mirrors晋擊■悬喜郾■■■■1355.1 Basic Current mirrors1355,2 Cascode Current mirrors.,,1395.3 Active Current mirrors1455.3.1 Large-Signal AnalysisI495.3.2 Small-Signal AnalysisI515.3.3 Common-Mode properties1546 Frequency Response of Amplifiers,1666. General considerations1666.且. 1 Miller effect.●中■血●,,,,E666.1.2 Association of poles with nodes696.2 Common-Source Stage■司看●●■∴1726.3 Source Followers,.I786.4 Common-Gate Stage,,,1836.5 Cascode stage.1856.6 Differential Pair∴,187Appendix A: Dual of Miller's Theorem,,193..