Radar Handbook (3rd)

RADARHANDBOOK Merrill.skolnik EditorinChief Thirdedition MG Graw NewYorkChicagoSanFranciscoLisbonLondonmadrid MexicoCityMilanNewDelhiSanJuanSeoul SingaporeSydneytoronto TheMcGrawHillcompanie Cataloging-in-PublicationDataisonfilewiththeLibraryofCongress McGraw-Hillbooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotions,orforusein corporatetrainingprogramsTocontactarepresentativepleasevisittheContactUspagesatwww.mhprofessional.com. Radarhandbook.thirdedition Copyright(C2008byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies Allrightsreserved.PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightactof1976,nopart ofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrieval system,withoutthepriorwritenpermissionofpublisher 1234567890DOCDOC0198 ISBN978-0-07-148547-0 MHID0-07-148547-3 SponsoringEditorWendyrinaldi EditorialSupervisorJanetWalden ProjectEditorLeeAnnpickrell AcquisitionsCoordinatormandycanales CopyEditorLeeAnnPickrell ProofreaderSusieelkind ProductionSupervisorJeanbodeaux CompositionInternationalTypesettingComposition LustrationInternationalTypesettingComposition ArtDirector.CoverJeffWeeks Coverdesignermarymckeon InformationhasbeenobtainedbyMcGraw-Hillfromsourcesbelievedtobereliable.However,becauseofthepossibility ofhumanormechanicalerrorbyoursources,McGraw-Hill,orothers,McGraw-Hilldoesnotguaranteetheaccuracy, adequacy,orcompletenessofanyinformationandisnotresponsibleforanyerrorsoromissionsortheresultsobtained fromtheuseofsuchinformation CONTENTS Contributors XIII Preface Chapter1AnIntroductionandOverviewofRadar Merrillskolnik 1.1RadarinBrief 1.1 1.2TypesofRadars 1.3InformationAvailablefromaRadar 1.7 1.4TheRadarEquation l.10 1.5RadarFrequencyLetter-bandNomenclature l.13 1.6EffectofOperatingFrequencyonRadar/ 1.4 1.7Radarnomenclature 1.18 1.8Somepastadvancesinradar/ 1.19 1.9Applicationsofradar 1.20 1.10ConceptualRadarSystemDesign 22 Chapter2MTiRadar 2.1 WilliamW.ShraderandvilhelmGregers-Hansen 2.1Preface/ 2.1 2.2IntroductiontoMTiRadar/ 2.2 2.3ClutterFilterResponsetoMovingTargets/ 2.9 2.4ClutterCharacteristics/ 2.10 2.5Definitions 2.19 2.6ImprovementFactorCalculations 2.23 2.7OptimumDesignofClutterFilters/ 2.25 2.8MTIClutterFilterDesign 2.33 2.9MTIFilterDesignforWeatherradars 2.46 2.10ClutterFilterBankDesign 2.52 2.11PerformanceDegradationCausedbyReceiverLimiting/ 2.59 2.12RadarSystemStabilityRequirements 2.65 2.13DynamicRangeandA/DConversionConsiderations 2.78 2.14Adaptivemti/ 2.0 2.15RadarCluttermaps 2.3 2.16Sensitivity-velocityControl(svc)/ 2.87 2.17ConsiderationsApplicabletoMTIRadarSystems 2.91 Chapter3AirborneMTI JamesK.DayandFredM.staudaher 3.1SystemsUsingAirborneMTITechniques 3.1 3.2CoverageConsiderations 3.3AirbornemtiPerformanceDrivers 3.3 3.4PlatformMotionandaltitudeeffectsonmriperformance/ 3.3 3.5Platform-motionCompensationAbeam/ 3,10 3.6Scanning-motionCompensation 3.14 3.7SimultaneousPlatformMotionandScanCompensation 3.8Platform-motionCompensation.ForwardDirection 3.21 3.9Space-timeAdaptivemotionCompensation 3.23 3.10EffcctofMultiplcspectra/ 3.31 3.11ExampleamtiradarSystem/ 3.32 Chapter4PulseDopplerradar JohnpStralkaandwilliamG.Fedarko 4.1CharacteristicsandApplications 4.1 4.2Pulsedopplerclutter 4.I4 4.3Dynamic-rangeandStabilityrequirements/ 4.24 4.4Rangeanddopplerambiguityresoluton 4.31 4.5ModeandWaveformDesign 4.35 4.6RangePerformance/ 4.39 Listofabbreviations 4.48 Chapter5MultifunctionalRadarSystemsforFighterAircraft DavidLynch,JrandCarloKopp 5.1Introduction 5.2TypicalMissionsandModes 5.I0 5.3A-AModeDescriptionswaveforms/ 5.16 5.4A-SModedescriptionsWaveforms/ 5.28 Chapter6Radarreceivers Michaele.yeomans 6.1TheConfigurationofaradarreceiver 6.1 6.2NoiseandDynamic-rangeConsiderations 6.4 6.3BandwidthConsiderations 6.9 6.4Receiverfrontend 6.0 6.5LocalOscillators/ 6.4 6.6GainControl 6.22 6.7Filteringi 6.24 6.8Limiters 6.29 6.9I/QDemodulators 6.31 6.10Analog-to-DigitalConverters/ 6.35 6.11Digitalreceivers 6.40 6.12DiplexOpcration/ 6.46 6.13WaveformGenerationandUpconversion/ 6.47 Chapter7AutomaticDetection,Tracking,andsensorIntegration W.G.Bathandg.vTrunk 7.1Introduction 7.1 7.2AutomaticDetection 7.1 7.3AutomaticTracking/ 7.22 7.4Networkedradars 746 7.5Unlike-sensorIntegration 7.49 Chapter8Pulsecompressionradar MichaelR.DucoffandByronw.Tietjen 8.1Introduction 8. 8.2PulseCompressionWaveformTypes 8.2 8.3FactorsAffectingChoiceofPulseCompressionSystems/ 8.26 8.4PulseCompressionImplementationandRadarSystemExamples 8.28 appendix A 8.36 Chapter9Trackingradar Deand.howard 9.1Introduction 9.1 9.2Monopulse(SimultancousLobing)/ 9.3 9.3Scanningandlobing 9.16 9.4ServosystemsforTrackingRadar/ 9.17 9.5TargetAcquisitionandRangeTracking 9.20 9.6S pecialMo 0n0 p ulseTechniques/ 9.24 9.7Sourcesoferror 9.26 9.8Target-causedErrors(TargetNoise)/ 9.26 9.9OtherExternalCausesoferror 9.37 9.10InternalSourcesoferror 9.42 9.11Summaryofsourcesoferror 9.43 912ErrorReductionTechniques 9.46 Chapter10TheRadarTransmitter 10.1 Thomasa.weilandmerrillskolnik 10.1Introduction 10.1 10.2Linear-beamAmplifiers 10.4 10.3Magnetron 10.14 10.4Crossed-fieldAmplifiers 10.16 10.5Gyrotron l0.I7 10.6TransmitterSpectrumControl/ 10.19 10.7Grid-controlledTubes/ 10.21 10.8Modulators 10.23 10.9WhichRFPowerSourcetoUse?/ 10.25