Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

Fundamentals of Aerodynamics (Mcgraw Hill Series in Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering)Anderson-98101and98101'fm December 23 200917:34EOAMcGraw-HHil Series in Aeronautical and Aerospace engineeringJohn D. Anderson, Jr, University of Maryland, Consulting EditorAndersonHumbleAircraft Performance and DesignSpace propulation analysis and designAndersonHverComputational Fluid dynamicsStress analysis of fiber-Reinforced compositeAndersonMaterialsFundamentals of aerodynamicsKane. Likins and LevinsonAndersonSpacecraft dynamicsHypersonic and High Temperature gasKellyDynamicsFundamentals of mechanical vibrationsAndersonMeirovitchIntroduction to FlightFundamentals of vibrationAndersonNelsonModern Compressible FlowFlight Stability and automatic ControlBormanOosthuizenCombustion engineeringCompressible Fluid FlowBaruhShamesAnalytical dynamicsMechanics of fluidsBudvnasTurnsAdvanced Strength and Applied stressAn Introduction to combustionCengel and cimbalaStresses in plates and shellsFluid mechanicsWhiteCurtisViscous fluid fleFundamentals of Aircraft StructuralWhiteAnalysisFluid mechanicsDrielsLinear Control Systems Engineeringspaceflight dynamicsCONFIRMING PAGES a aptaraAnderson -98101 and98101'fm December 23 2009 17: 34EOAMCGRaW-HILL SERIES IN AERONAUTICAL andAEROSPACE ENGINEERINGThe wright brothers invented the first practical airplane in the first decadeof the twentieth century. Along with this came the rise of aeronauticalengineering as an exciting, new, distinct discipline. College courses inaeronautical engineering were offered as early as 1914 at the university ofMichigan and at MIT. michigan was the first university to establish an aeronautics department with a four-year degree-granting program in 1916; by 1926 ithad graduated over one hundred students. The need for substantive textbooks invarious areas of aeronautical engineering became critical. Rising to this demand,McGraw-Hill became one of the first publishers of aeronautical engineering text-books, starting with Airplane Design and Construction by Ottorino Pomilio in1919, and the classic and definitive text Airplane design: aerodynamics by theiconic Edward P. Warner in 1927. Warners book was a watershed in aeronauticalengineering textbooksSince then, McGraw-Hill has become the time-honored publisher of books inaeronautical engineering. With the advent of high-speed fight after World War IIand the space program in 1957, aeronautical and aerospace engineering grewto new heights. There was, however, a hiatus that occurred in the 1970s whenaerospace engineering went through a transition, and virtually no new books inthe field were published for almost a decade by anybody. McGraw-Hill brokethis hiatus with the foresight of its Chief Engineering Editor, B J. Clark, whowas instrumental in the publication of Introduction to Flight by john AndersonFirst published in 1978, Introduction to Flight is now in its 6th edition. Clarksbold decision was followed by McGraw-Hill riding the crest of a new wave ofstudents and activity in aerospace engineering, and it opened the flood-gates fornew textbooks in the fieldIn 1988. McGraw-Hill initiated its formal series in Aeronautical andAerospace Engineering, gathering together under one roof all its existing textsin the field, and soliciting new manuscripts. This author is proud to have beenmade the consulting editor for this series. and to have contributed some of thetitles. Starting with eight books in 1988, the series now embraces 24 books cov-ering a broad range of discipline in the field With this, McGraw-Hill continuesits tradition, started in 1919, as the premier publisher of important textbooks inaeronautical and aerospace engineeringJohn D. Anderson, Jr.CONFIRMING PAGES a aptaraAnderson-98101and9810I'fm December 23 2009 17: 34EOACONFIRMING PAGES a aptaraAnderson-98101 and98101 fm January 5, 2010 17: 21EOAFundamentals of aerodynamicsFifth editionJohn d. anderson r.Curator of aerodynamicsNational air and Space museumSmithsonian institutionandProfessor emeritusUniversity of marylandConnectMcearnraw SucceedAnderson-98101and9810I'fm December 23 2009 17: 34EOAhe McgrawHill coConnectLearnrawsFUNDAMENTALS OF AERODYNAMICS. FIFTH EDITIONPublished by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright o 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rightsreserved. Previous editions O 2007, 2001, 1991 and 1984. No part of this publication may be reproducedor distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the priorwritten consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, including, but not limited to, in any network orother electronic storage or transmission or broadcast for distance learningSome ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outsidthe United StatesThis book is printed on acid-free paper1234567890DOC/DOC109876543210ISBN978-0-07-339810-5MHID0-07-339810-1Global Publisher: Raghothaman srinivasanSenior Sponsoring Editor: Bill StenquistDirector of Development: Kristine TibbettsDevelopmental editor: Lorraine k BuczekSenior Marketing Manager: Curt ReynoldsSenior Project Manager: Jane MohrProduction Supervisor: Susan K. CulberstonDesign coordinator. Brenda a. rolwesCover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri(USE)Cover Image: OU.S. Navy photoLead Photo research Coordinator Carrie K. burgerCompositor: Aptara, IncTypeface: 10.5/12 Times romanPrinter: R. R. DonnelleyAll credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyrightpagThe white cloud that you see in the flow over the top of the F-22 on the cover of this book is due to watervapor condensation occurring through the supersonic expansion waves on the top of the airplane. Thiswhite cloud is abruptly terminated when the flow subsequently passes through the trailing-edge shockwaves behind the airplane. a detailed physical explanation of this flow can be found in Problem 9.21 atthe end of chapter 9Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication DataAnderson John davidFundamentals of aerodynamics / John D. Anderson, Jr.-5th edp cm-(McGraw-Hill series in aeronautical and aerospace engineering)Includes bibliographical references and indexISBN-13:978-0-07-339810-5ISBN-10:0-07-339810-11. Aerodynamics. I TitleTL570.A6772010629.1323-dc222009048907www.mhhe.comCONFIRMING PAGES a aptaraAnderson -98101 and98101'fm December 23 2009 17: 34EOAABOUT THE AUTHORJohn D. Anderson, Jr, was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on October 1, 1937He attended the University of Florida, graduating in 1959 with high honors anda bachelor of aeronautical engineering degree. From 1959 to 1962, he was alieutenant and task scientist at the aerospace research laboratory at wright-Patterson Air Force Base. From 1962 to 1966. he attended the ohio state univer-sity under the National Science Foundation and Nasa Fellowships, graduatingwith a Ph. D in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. In 1966, he joined theU.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory as Chief of the Hypersonics Group. In 1973he became Chairman of the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of maryland and since 1980 has been professor of aerospace engineer-ing at the University of Maryland. In 1982, he was designated a DistinguishedScholar/Teacher by the University during 1986-1987, while on sabbatical fromthe University, Dr. Anderson occupied the Charles lindbergh Chair at the national Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. He continued withthe air and Space Museum one day each week as their Special Assistant for Aerodynamics, doing research and writing on the history of aerodynamics. In additionto his position as professor of aerospace engineering, in 1993, he was made afull faculty member of the Committee for the History and Philosophy of Scienceand in 1996 an affiliate member of the history department at the university ofMaryland. In 1996, he became the Glenn L. Martin Distinguished Professor forEducation in Aerospace Engineering. In 1999, he retired from the University ofMaryland and was appointed Professor Emeritus. He is currently the Curator forAerodynamics at the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian InstitutionDr Anderson has published 10 books: Gasdynamic Lasers: An Introduction,Academic Press(1976), and under McGraw-Hill, Introduction to Flight(19781984,1989,2000,2005,2008), Modern Compressible Flow(1982,1990,2003),Fundamentals of aerodynamics(1984, 1991, 2001, 2007), Hypersonic and highTemperature Gas Dynamics(1989), Computational Fluid Dynamics: The basicwith Applications(1995), Aircraft Performance and Design(1999), A History ofAerodynamics and Its impact on Flying Machines, Cambridge University Press(1997 hardback, 1998 paperback), The Airplane: A History of Its Technolog y,American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(2003), and Inventing Flight,Johns Hopkins University Press(2004). He is the author of over 120 papers onradiative gasdynamics, reentry aerothermodynamics, gasdynamic and chemicallasers, computational fluid dynamics, applied aerodynamics hypersonic flowand the history of aeronautics. Dr. Anderson is in Who's who in america. He isan Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics(AIAA). He is also a fellow of the royal Aeronautical Society, London. He is amember of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Tau, Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Eta Sigma, The AmericanCONFIRMING PAGES a aptaraAnderson-98101and9810I'fm December 23 2009 17: 34EOAAbout the authoSociety for Engineering Education, the History of Science Society, and the Soci-ety for the History of Technology. In 1988, he was elected as Vice President of theAlAA for Education. In 1989. he was awarded the John Leland Atwood Awardjointly by the american Society for Engineering Education and the AmericanInstitute of Aeronautics and Astronautics" for the lasting influence of his recentcontributions to aerospace engineering education In 1995. he was awarded theAIAa Pendray aerospace Literature Award"for writing undergraduate and grad-uate textbooks in aerospace engineering which have received worldwide acclaimfor their readability and clarity of presentation, including historical content. In1996. he was elected Vice President of the alaa for Publications. he has recentlbeen honored by the alaa with its 2000 von Karman Lectureship in AstronauticsFrom 1987 to the present, Dr. Anderson has been the senior consulting editoron the mcgraw-Hill series in aeronautical and astronautical engineerinCONFIRMING PAGES a aptaraAnderson-98101and9810I'fm December 23 2009 17: 34EOADedicated to My familySarah-Allen, Katherine, Elizabeth, Keegan, and TierneyCONFIRMING PAGES a aptara