Practical Electronics for Inventors

老外写的很好的电路设计教程，由浅入深和实际紧密结合，很有实际应用价值！This page intentionally left blankPractica electronicsfor InventorsPaul scherzMaGrawhHiNewYork san Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland BogotaCaracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico city MilanMontreal New Delhi San Juan SingSydney Tokyo TorontoMcGraw-hillA Division of The Mcgraw. hillcompaniesCopyright C 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the UnitedStates Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,without the prior written permission of the publisher07-138990-3The material in this e Book also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-058078-2All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use namein an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark, Where such designations appear inthis book, they have been printed with initial capsMcGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For moreinformation,pleasecontactGeorgeHoare,SpecialSales,atgeorgehoare(@mcgraw-hill.comor(212)904-4069TERMS OF USEThis is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ("Mc Graw-Hill")and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this worksubject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense thework or any part of it without McGraw-Hill's prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use, any other use of the workis strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these termsTHE WORK IS PROVIDED"AS IS". MCGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURA-CY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING AN Y INFORMATION THATCAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY EXPRESS ORIMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSEMcGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will beuninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-llill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless ofcause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the workUnder no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages thatresult from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shallapply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwiseDOI:10.10360071389903CONTENTSPrefaceCHAPTER 1 Introduction to ElectronicsCHAPTER 2 Theory52.1 Current2 Voltage2.3 Resistance2.4 DC Power soure2.5 Two Simple Battery Sources2.6 Electric circuits1027Ohm′sLaw2. 8 Circuit reductio112.9 Kirchhoffs laws142.10 Thevenin's theorem172.11 Sinusoidal power sources2.12 Root Mean Square(rms) Voltages202. 13 Capacitors212.14 Reactance of a Capacitor2.15 Inductors242.16 Reactance of an inductor262.17 Fundamental Potentials and circuits262.18 DC Sources and Rc/RL/RLC Circuits282. 19 Complex numbers2.20 Circuits with Sinusoidal Source2.21 Analyzing Sinusoidal Circuits with CompleximpedancesCopyright 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of UseⅥ Contents2.22 Impedances in Series and the voltage divider2.23 Impedances in Parallel and the Current divider2.24 Applying Kirchhoff's Laws in AC Form2.25 Thevenin's Theorem in AC Form432.26 Power in AC Circuits2.27 Decibels452.28 Resonance in Lc Circuits2.29 Resonance in RLC Circuits2.30 Filters2.31 Circuits with periodic nonsinusoidal sources532.32 Circuits with Nonperiodic Sources552.33 Nonlinear Circuits and Analyzing Circuits by Intuition55CHAPTER 3 Basic Electronic Circuit Components593.1 Wires, Cables, and Connectors593.1.1 Wires3.1.2 Cables3.1.3 Connectors631.4 Wiring and Connector Symb3. 1.5 High-Frequency Effects within Wires and Cables3.2B763.2.1 How a Cell works773.2.2 Primary Batteries793. 2.3 Comparing Primary Batteries3. 2. 4 Secondary Batteries813.2.5 Battery Capacity3.2.6 Note on Internal Voltage drop of a battery3.3 Switches3.3.1 How a Switch Works3.3.2 Describing a Switch3.3.3 Kinds of switches3.3.4 Simple Switch Applications3.4 Relays3.4.1 Specific Kinds of relays913.4.2 A Few notes about relays3.4.3 Some Simple Relay Circuits3.5 Resistors3.5.1 How a Resistor Works943.5.2 Basic Resistor Operation3.5.3 Types of Fixed Resistors963.5.4 Understanding resistor labels3.5.5 Power ratings for resistors3.5.6 Variable resistorsContentsⅦ3.6 Capacitors3.6.1 How a Capacitor Works1003.6.2 A Note about i= cdvldt1013.6.3 Water Analogy of a Capacitor1013.6.4 Basic Capacitor Functions1023.6.5 Kinds of Capac1033.6.6 Variable Capacitors3.6.7 Reading Capacitor Labels1053.6.8 Important Things to Know about Capacitors1053.6.9 Applications1063.7 Inductors1083.7.1 How an Inductor Works1083.7.2 Basic Inductor Operation1103.7.3 Kinds of coil3. 8 Transformers1123.8.1 Basic Operation1153.8.2 Special Kinds of Transformers1163.8.3 Applications1173.8.4 Real Kinds of Transformers1183.9 Fuses and circuit breakers1193.9.1 Types of Fuses and Circuit Breakers120CHAPTER 4 Semiconductors1234.1 Semiconductor Technology1234.1.1 What Is a Semiconductor?124.1.2 Applications of Silicon1284.2 Diod124.2.1 How a pn-unction Diode Works1294. 2.2 Diode Water Analogy1314.2.3 Basic Applications1314.2.4 Important Things to Know about Diodes1354.2.5 Zener diodes1364. 2.6 Zener Diode Water Analogy1364.2.7 Basic Applications for Zener Diodes1364.3 Transisto1384.3.1 Introduction to transistors1384.3.2 Bipolar Transistors1404.3.3 Junction Field-Effect Transistors1584.3.4 Metal Oxide semiconductor Field-Effect Transistorsl684.3.5 Unijunction Transistors1774.4 Thyristors1814.4.1 Introducti1814.4.2 Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers1824.4.3 Silicon-Controlled Switch1854.4.4T1864.4.5 Four-Layer diodes and diacs189MIllContentsCHAPTER5 Optoelectronics1915.1 A Little Lecture on photons1915.2 Lamps1935.3 Light-Emitting Diodes1965.3.1 How an Led Works1965.3.2 Kinds of leds5.3.3 Technical Stuff about LEDs1985.3.4 Basic led Operations2005.4 Photoresistors2015.4.1 How a photoresistor Works2025.4.1 Technical Stuff2025.4.2 Applications2025.5 Photodiodes2035.5.1 How a Photodiode Works2045.5.2 Basic Operations2045.5.3 Kinds of photodiodes2055.6 Solar cells2055.6.1 Basic operations2065.7 Phototransistors2065.7.1 How a phototransistor works2075.7.2 Basic Configurations2085.7.3 Kinds of phototransistors20857. 4 Technical stuff208575Applications2095.8 Photothyristors2105.8.1 How LasErs work2105.8.1 Basic Operation2115.9 Optoisolators2115.9.1 Integrated Optoisolators2125.9.2 Applications212CHAPTER 6 Integrated circuits2136.1 IC Packages2146.2 Some basic ics to get You started216CHAPTER7 Operational Amplifiers2197.1 Operational Amplifier Water Analogy2207.2 How Op Amps Work (The" Cop-Out Explanation,2217. 3 Theory2227. 4 Negative Feedback2237.5 PositiⅤ e feedback2287.6 Real Kinds of Op Amps2297.7 Op Amp Specifications231Contents X7.8 Powering op amps2337.9 Some Practical notes2347.10 Voltage and Current Offset Compensation2357.11 Frequency Compensation2367.12 Comparators7. 13 Comparators with hysteresis2387. 13.1 Invertingcomparator with Hysteresis2387. 13.2 Noninverting Comparator with Hysteresis2397. 14 Using Single-Supply Comparat2407.15 Window Comparator2407.16 Voltage-Level Indicator2417. 17 Applications241CHAPTER 8 Filters8.1 Things to Know before You Start Designing Filters2488.2 Basic filters2498.3 Passive low-Pass Filter Design2508. 4 A Note on Filter types2548.5 Passive High-Pass Filter Design2548.6 Passive Bandpass Filter Design2568.7 Passive Notch Filter design2588.8 Active Filter design8.8.1 Active Low-Pass Filter example2608.8.2 Active High-Pass Filter Example261.8.3 Active Bandpass Filters2628.8.4 Active notch filters2648.9 Integrated Filter Circuits265ChaPTeR 9 Oscillators and timers2679.1 RC Relaxation Oscillators2689. 2 The 555 Timer ic2709.2.1 How a 555 Works(Astable Operation)2719.2.2 Basic Astable Operation2729.2.3 How a 555 Works(Monostable Operation)2739.2. 4 Basic Monostable Operation2749.2.5 Some lmportant notes about 555 Timers2749.2.6 Simple 555 Applications2759.3 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs)9.4 Wien-Bridge and Twin-T Oscillators9.5 LC Oscillators(Sinusoidal Oscillators)9.6 Crystal Oscillators280